Intrinsic
Causes
|
|
Idiopathic
degeneration (aging)
|
| Infarction
or ischemia (heart attack or reduced coronary arterial blood flow)
|
|
Infiltrative
diseases
Sarcoidosis:
the development of granulomatous lesions (cause unknown) in the
heart, bones, lungs, etc
Amyloidosis:
deposition of a near transparent waxy material due to degeneration
of body tissues in chronic disease (see figures
73a, 73b, 74, 76, 77).
Hemochromatosis:
deposition of iron into tissue
|
Collagen
vascular disease (arteritis, periarteritis nodosa, etc.)
Systemic
lupus erythematosis: chronic disease involving multiple organs
like the skin, connective tissue, kidneys, spleen, heart, gastro
intestinal tract, etc.
Rheumatoid
arthritis: chronic inflammation of the joints and some organs,
of unknown cause, possibly related to abnormal immune mechanisms.
Scleraderma: chronic inflammatory process causing severe increase
in connective tissue in organs, skin, etc., cause unknown.
|
| Myotonic
muscular dystrophy (abnormal, inherited disease of muscles, with faulty
development of degeneration of muscles) |
|
Surgical
trauma
Valve
replacement
Correction
of congenital heart disease
Heart
transplantation
|
| Familial
diseases (inherited) |
|
Infectious
diseases
Chagas'
disease: a chronic wasting disease caused by a parasite (Trypanosoma
Cruzi), prevalent in Central and South America.
Endocarditus:
secondary to dental procedures causing infection in the blood
stream, illicit drug injections into veins, etc.
|
Extrinsic
Causes
|
|
Autonomically
mediated syndromes (i.e. vomiting, sleeping, etc.)
Neurocardiac syncope
Carotid-sinus hypersensitivity: from vagus innervation hypertonicity
Situational
disturbances: coughing, micturition, defecation, vomiting
|
|
Drugs
B-Adrenergic
blockers: inderal, atenolol, etc.
Calcium-channel blockers: procardia, verapamil, diliatezern
Clonidine:
for hypertension
Digoxin:
for heart failure, atrial fibrillation, etc.
Antiarrhythmic
agents: pronestyl, quinidine, etc.
|
| Hypothyroidism
(abnormally low thyroid hormone in the blood stream) |
| Hypothermia
|
| Neurologic
disorders (affecting autonomic nervous system) |
|
Electrolyte
imbalances
Hypokalemia:
low potassium
Hyperkalemia:
high potassium
|
|
